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For medium duty diesel engines, achieving the US 1994 emission standards without the requirement for an oxidation catalyst presents a major challenge. In this paper results are presented from a collaborative research programme between Ricardo and Renault V I illustrating how medium duty engines can be optimised to achieve the US 1994 development goals without catalyst. Competitive fuel consumption and performance was also obtained through the optimisation of high pressure, electronically controlled common rail fuel injection equipment matched to the combustion system of a 2-valve, 1 litre/cylinder, turbocharged and aftercooled, DI engine.