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Pressure to reduce costs has caused a trend toward extended coolant life in heavy duty applications today. Extended life requires the user to maintain the cooling system within tighter limits over a longer period of time. Ideally, the coolant would be replaced based on need, rather than time or mileage. The introduction of corrosive ions can lead to shortened coolant life and the need to replace the coolant sooner than normal in order to protect the engine. In order to know when to replace the coolant, an understanding of the effects of these corrosive ions in the coolant is necessary. This paper focuses on the effects of chloride and sulfate ions on coolant performance in laboratory tests. Laboratory tests were run on a variety of commercially available heavy duty coolants including organic, inorganic, and treated water systems. The tests consisted of various laboratory procedures used throughout the industry to test the ability of a coolant to protect against corrosion.

Between 1963 and 1969, 301 young rhesus monkeys were exposed to low and intermediate doses of X-rays, protons or electrons to simulate space radiation hazards; 57 control animals were incorporated in the experimental design, and both sexes were represented. The subjects have been followed for nearly 30 years, and major findings of the study include: 1) highly significant incidence of glioblastoma multiforme (high-grade astrocytoma) in male animals exposed to 55-MeV protons; 2) highly significant incidence of severe endometriosis in female subjects exposed to different radiation energies and doses; 3) development of significant late lenticular opacifications (cataracts) in monkeys 20+ years following exposures to low and intermediate doses of protons. As the animals age, abundant data are expected to provide additional insights into the late stochastic (probabilistic) and deterministic effects induced in primates by exposures to low and intermediate doses of particulate radiations.