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The Crash box is the mechanical component that absorbs the impact energy by axial deformation. When an accident occurs, energy absorption and deformation play a vital role in the Automobile safety aspects, and also grooves and triggers are the ones included in the crash box for axial folding and uniform deformation. Here in this research paper, the energy absorption of kinetic energy and deformation parameter is going to be compared with the crash box with the groove at different thicknesses, also the groove is added through the vertical axis along with axial crush occurs. The modeling is done in Hyper mesh 2021 and the simulation and result validation in LS Dyna. The primary goal of this research project is to increase the crash box’s efficiency and enhance the crashworthiness and the passive safety of the passenger vehicle. It is also observed that the groove plays a vital role in reducing the acceleration transmitted to the surrounding area.

The energy strategy of a country aims at efficiency, and security, providing access that is environmentally friendly and achieving an optimum mix of primary resources for energy generation. The energy produced from the waste could be an area of useful research work. In this research work, the Neat form of waste cooking oil (NWCO) fuel was effectively used in a compression ignition (C.I) engine. A single-cylinder, water-cooled, agricultural type, direct injection CI engine developing a power output of 3.54 kW at 1500 rpm was used throughout the research work. Fuel and Engine Level modification was used in this work. Copper Oxide (CuO) nanomaterial blended with the emulsified form of WCO. In that dual fuel mode, Ethanol was injected into the intake manifold as primary fuel and WCO as pilot fuel. The Ethanol energy share varies from 0 – 40 %.

Nowadays, the technology war always shows the need for rushing hours in the transportation sector. Turbines and IC engines, which generate power, can only be operated with the help of high-pressure air. In this research, an analytical study introduces an innovative boat vehicle driven by air-water interactions. The principles of an OWC (Oscillating Water Column) wave energy converter device is reviewed to find the effects of air-water interactions that are the key concepts for introducing the partially levitated transportation method. The physical conditions around the boat vehicle, such as squat conditions and speed variations, are reviewed under different stream conditions to explore the possibilities of converting the potential energy of water into kinetic energy under dynamic conditions. An experimental Froude - model analysis is presented to find the velocity and kinetic energy at upstream and downstream conditions of the channel.

In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of Iron Oxide Nanofluids on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Low Heat Rejection (LHR) diesel engine operated with methyl esters of Waste Cooking Oil (WCOME). In the first phase of the work, single-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine test rig was developed and tested for its baseline readings with diesel at different power outputs. In the second phase of the work, the test engine was operated with WCOME and tested for its characteristics.

Waste cooking oils (WCOs) are renewable and in nature can be directly used as fuel into the compression ignition engines. However, the reduction in brake thermal efficiency and increasing smoke emission and oxides of nitrogen need to be solved. There are more techniques used past researchers to improves the performance and reduced the emissions characteristics of WCO. In this present work, an experimental investigation made on the effect of ethanol on engine's behavior using Waste Cooking oil (WCO) based dual fuel diesel engine. A single-cylinder diesel engine was operated and modified the intake to operate dual fuel mode at the maximum power output of 3.54 kW. Ethanol is introduced as primary fuel into the intake manifold and WCO as pilot fuel. The ethanol energy share (EES) of the total fuel was varied from 5% to 40% with a step of 5%, at fixed engine speed equal to 1500 rpm.

The search for a new renewable biofuel and aiming to make the environment clean is always a challenge for a researcher in developing a sustainable fuel for future mobility. In this context, vegetable oils were found as good alternative biofuels for diesel engines as they are biodegradable and renewable in nature. Most of the physio-chemical properties of vegetable oils are very closer to diesel. However, pure vegetable oils are expensive and using them to operate the diesel engine may affect the food supply chain. In view of this limitation, Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel (WCOB) derived from waste cooking oil (WCO) was found to be very attractive solution for the above said constraints as they are easily available, renewable, economically and environmentally viable. This research aims at studying the effect of hybrid nano additives (i.e. Copper Oxide with Zinc Oxide) on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel.

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emissions are considered as among the most harmful emissions globally having a direct influence on human beings and the environment. This work deals with a strategy to arrive at achieving lower NOx values consistently in mass production of single cylinder automotive diesel engines meeting BS IV Emission standards using the DoE technique for dimensional optimization of critical parameters. Catalytic converters and particulate filters are mostly used as after - treatment devices for compression Ignition (CI) engines for bringing down the limits (Values) of the pollutants from the tail pipes. But the real ingenuity lies in achieving the same effect through optimization of in - cylinder combustion.

Reliability and cost effectiveness of electronics demands its usage in all the wings of science and technology. Thus an attempt was made in this work to investigate the potential of using electronics for injecting primary fuel for the compression ignition engine used by farmers for agricultural purpose. In the first phase of the work, a new Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for primary fuel injection was developed and tested for its repeatability on fuel injection quantity for the different input voltages. Test engine was developed and tested under various load condition for its performance, emission, and combustion characteristics with neat diesel and Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Esters (WCOME) as baseline readings in the second phase of the work. In the third phase of work, the developed engine was modified to operate in duel fuel mode with developed ECU. In this work, ethanol was chosen as primary fuel due to its availability and less toxic nature as compared to other green fuels.

This paper investigates the performance and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine (CI engine) fueled with Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel (UCOB) and ethanol in dual fuel mode. In this study, UCOB was injected as the main fuel through a conventional mechanical fuel injection system. Various mass flow rates of ethanol were inducted as primary fuel through the engine intake manifold using a separate fuel injection system. Mass flow rates of ethanol were metered by an electronic control circuit. The engine test was conducted under different load conditions from no load to full load in a fully instrumented direct injection, water-cooled compression ignition engine. The results indicated that the dual fuel engine produced higher brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, heat release rate with lower specific fuel consumption at a higher load condition. However, it was found that combustion characteristics improved marginally at the lower load conditions.

The paper presents the comparative study on the antiwear properties of zinc oxide and Cu-Zn mixed oxide nanoparticles, as additive in SAE20W40 engine oil. The nanoparticles were prepared using precipitation method and characterized using scanning microscopy imaging technique and XRD analysis. The particle size was found to be between 70-80 nm.The stability of the nanosuspension play a vital role in the antiwear performance. Therefore the stability studies were carried out by dispersing varying concentration of nanoparticle between 0.01wt% - 0.05wt% in the engine oil using surface modifiers and sonication. Nanosuspensions above 0.02 wt% of nanoparticles showed sedimentation on long standing for 36h. Based on this, the concentration of nanoparticle in the engine oil was optimized as 0.01 and 0.02wt%.The nanosuspensions with optimized concentration i.e.0.01wt% ZnO, 0.02 wt% ZnO, 0.01wt% Cu-Zn and 0.02 wt% Cu- Zn mixed oxides were tested for antiwear property using four ball tester.

Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is generated in large quantity worldwide due to the increase in population and change of food habits. This work is about utilizing this WCO as an alternative fuel for Compression Ignition (CI) engine, in view of addressing the constraints in the domain of land as well as air pollution. A fuel and engine level modification were carried out to analyse the behaviour of the test engine. In the first phase of the study, collected WCO was converted into its methyl esters (i.e. WCOME) and tested for its properties. A single cylinder, water cooled, direct injection, compression ignition engine was developed with suitable emission and combustion parameters computing equipments in the second phase of the work. In the third phase of the work, the developed engine was tested with neat diesel, WCO and WCOME under different engine power outputs. WCOME was converted into its emulsion (WCOMEE) and tested in the developed engine in the fourth phase of the work.

One of the globally challenging issues today is Waste Utilization. The excessive accumulation of waste has created an uncomfortable pressure on not, just the habitant but on the environment as well. As a small step forward in contributing towards minimizing waste disposal, this study attempts to address the problem raised due to the disposal of waste cooking oil. Researchers found that Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) has a very good potential as a fuel for compression ignition engine and was therefore selected for this study. In the first phase of the work, behaviour of the test engine was studied with neat WCO at different power outputs. As the first modification, neat WCO was converted in to its methyl ester and tested in the same engine. Next, combustion chamber parts like piston and cylinder head, inlet and exhaust valves were coated with Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) and engine behaviour was studied.

This work aims to discuss the practices required to address the effective utilization of Canola oil in compression ignition engine. Initially, raw canola oil was obtained using mortar and pestle method. In the second phase, transesterification of canola oil was done using methanol as the reacting agent and potassium hydroxide as the catalyst. The extracted biodiesel was then subjected to various standardization techniques and spectroscopic studies such as GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy), NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). In the third phase of the study, an engine test bench was developed with all suitable accessories. Instead of utilizing the neat form of canola biodiesel, an attempt was made to use the diesel and ethanol blends of canola biodiesel.

This work involves a with comparative study of smoke emission reduction methods of a compression ignition engine fueled with neat Waste Cooking Oil (WCO). The test engine chosen for this study is an agricultural based single cylinder, with a variable compression ratio, which is water cooled and is of the direct injection compression ignition engine type. Initially the test engine was tested using with neat diesel and WCO using various load conditions with three different compression ratios, i.e., 16.5, 17.5 and 18 for its performance, emission and combustion behaviours respectively. Results revealed that, both diesel and neat WCO experienced higher Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) with increased compression ratio. Except for smoke emission, all other carbon based emissions of neat WCO was found to reduce with increased compression ratio.

Depletion of fossil fuels and amendment of strict emission norms demand for the development of new technologies in ensuring effective utilization of existing renewable energy resources. Nanotechnology is one such new tool which finds wide application in automobile industries. Light weight in nature, high degree of durability, toughness and wear resistance makes the usage of nanomaterials wide spread. In view of above points, an attempt was made in this study to experimentally investigate the effect of inclusion of Nano fluids on the behavior of a compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel biofuel blends. In this work Cashew Nut Shell Oil (CNSO) is chosen as the biofuel as its calorific value found to be very close to diesel. Initially CNSO and Neat Diesel (ND) are blended at different proportion and CNSO40 is claimed as the best blend as it holds a stability period of more than a week.

This paper presents a comprehensive study on using MO (Mahua oil) as fuel effectively in a diesel engine by adopting emulsification and TBC (Thermal Barrier Coating) techniques. A mono cylinder diesel engine was used for the study. Initially trials were made on the engine using neat diesel (ND), Neat Mahua oil (NMO) as fuels. In the second phase, NMO was converted into its stable emulsion (called as MOE) and tested in the engine. Finally thermal barrier coating of 0.2 mm was made on the piston, valves and cylinder head of the engine using the ceramic power of Al2O3 and the engine was tested using NMO and MOE as fuels in the TBC engine. Results indicated improvement in BTE (brake thermal efficiency) with MOE as compared to NMO mainly at high power outputs in the unmodified engine. The maximum BTE was found as 31.5% with ND, 27.2% with NMO and 30.4% with MOE at the peak power output.

Different methods to improve the performance of a WCO (waste cooking oil of sunflower) based mono cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine were investigated. Initially WCO was converted into its emulsion by emulsification process and tested as fuel. In the second phase, the engine intake system was modified to admit excess oxygen along with air to test the engine with WCO and WCO emulsion as fuels under oxygen enriched environment. In the third phase, the engine was modified to work in the dual fuel mode with hydrogen being used as the inducted fuel and either WCO or WCO emulsion used as the pilot fuel. All the tests were carried out at 100% and 40% of the maximum load (3.7 kW power output) at the rated speed of 1500 rpm. Engine data with neat diesel and neat WCO were used for comparison. WCO emulsion indicated considerable improvement in performance. The smoke and NOx values were noted to be less than neat WCO.

Waste utilization is found to be a challenging task all around the globe. Converting the waste into useful forms of energy is a significant landmark in meeting the demand of world energy requirement. Thus an attempt was made in this study to make use of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as a fuel to operate compression ignition engine effectively as it degrades both the environment and human health.WCO was collected form the hostel mess of the author institution. In the first phase of the study, a single cylinder water cooled diesel engine was developed and operated in a single fuel mode with neat diesel and WCO as fuel under various load condition. Engine was modified in the second phase of the work to operate in dual fuel mode with a low reactive fuel like ethanol as primary fuel. In this work ethanol was injected in the intake manifold using newly developed Electronic Primary Fuel Injection System (EPFIS).