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With the remarkable rise of gas prices and global air pollution, measures to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions have become urgently needed in the motorcycle industry, as in the automobile industry. One approach is to improve the thermal efficiency of the engine, and much research and development has been done for many years on this subject. Community-based small motorcycles require both high mobility and fuel efficiency in developed and developing countries. Drivability and emission control of recreation and sports motorcycles are also needed. However, when developing engines for small motorcycles, due to differences in engine speed range, driving load range, devices for driving and emission control, market prices, and infrastructure, some different approaches from those for automobile engines with their many advanced technologies are needed.