Search Results

Finite Control Set – Model Predictive Control (FCS – MPC ) has gained attention for motor control applications of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drives due to its simplicity in implementation and ability to tackle operational constraints. Traditional proportional-integral (PI) control approaches face deterioration in machine performance due to coupling of d-axis and q- axis current. This complicates the controller design. Specifically for traction applications where IPMSMs are widely used , traditional proportional- integral (PI) control approaches are also unable to make the most of reluctance torque due to salient poles. FCS – MPC solves this problem by directly optimizing inverter states .Steady- state errors can be reduced by using high-gain feedback in this FCS-MPC. Simulation results of closed loop control of FCS – MPC have been illustrated in this paper.

India is witnessing a rapid growth in electric vehicles employing higher voltages thus highlighting the need for isolation management and electrical safety considerations. At the same time, there is a need for increased awareness towards protection measures against electric shock hazards. This paper introduces high voltage starting with definitions and physiological effects of electrical shock hazard from alternating or direct currents. This paper provides contemporary views on the regulatory and standardization landscape around isolation management. High voltage safety considerations in Indian context are categorized into electric powertrain and rechargeable electrical energy storage system specific requirements. Protection schemes against isolation faults in various earthing systems are described. The need for insulation monitoring device with regards to electric vehicle specific earthing scheme is highlighted.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become a focus of research interest for electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high volumetric and gravimetric energy storage capability, lower self-discharge rate, and excellent rechargeability coupled with high operational voltage as compared with the lead-acid batteries. This paper presents different machine learning approaches to predict health indicators & usable cycle life of LIBs. Here, we focus on two important battery health indicators i.e., battery discharge capacity and Internal resistance (IR). We used publicly available multi-cycled data of the Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide (NMC) and Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) cells. The approach proposed for predicting health indicators involves using a time-series model in the areas where the actual data i.e., from the Beginning of life (BOL) to the End of life (EOL) is not available.

Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries require battery management system (BMS) for its safe operation, damage protection and prolong life. BMS must estimate state of charge (SOC) of the battery pack accurately to avoid range anxiety. This paper proposes the SOC estimation of Li ion battery using nonlinear estimator, with validation on embedded platform. In this work EKF based battery SOC estimation algorithm has been developed along with equation-based “combined model” in Simulink. 2 RC model of Li ion cell has been developed in MATLAB-Simulink. Value of SOC obtained using EKF based estimator has been compared with SOC of 2RC model in the simulation. To validate the simulation results, target specific C code has been generated from Simulink model and successfully integrated on embedded platform. Currently algorithm is validated for NMC chemistry, future scope includes validating algorithm for LFP and Lithium titanate oxide (LTO) chemistry.

The advancements in Electric Vehicles have introduced many complex sub-systems with demanding and sporadic power needs. For example, the current consumed by electric motor or bank of super-capacitors involve transients making them non-linear loads. Conventional test systems for load analysis mainly involved resistive loads where the rate of rise or fall of current was linear, falling short to accommodate the dynamic behavior of the Electric Vehicle loads. In this paper, we have proposed a low cost; yet effective electronic load that is independent of the battery voltage and can sink the current in any prescribed pattern with respect to time. The simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the hardware with respect to changes in temperature, aging and sudden input fluctuations. The implemented electronic load is interfaced to a desktop application to program the dynamic load behavior and the test duration.

Accurate and safe current measurement in electric and hybrid electric vehicles impose several challenges in conventional shunt-based measurement technique due to presence of high voltages coupled with very high currents. In this paper, we have proposed a low cost and practical contactless current sensing method based upon Hall effect using magnetic flux concentrators and Hall effect sensor for DC current sensing. We aimed at developing a low power sensor having high sensitivity, and flexibility to accommodate in small size for DC currents ranging from ±100 amperes. In this paper, we have modelled the vital properties of the magnetic flux concentrator such as core dimension, air gap, core material and hysteresis. We achieved simulation results showing performance of sensor with respect to varying core material, air-gap, dimensions and temperature. Four different core materials with two geometries were created for benchmarking against simulations results.

Ultra-Wide Band has found increasing use case in Indoor and Outdoor location tracking systems. An interesting application of UWB lies in preventing vehicle thefts that use relay attacks on conventional passive entry passive start electronic systems. Due to very large bandwidth ranging from 3 GHz to 10 GHz in case of UWB, the worldwide radio homologation authorities are challenged to come out with appropriate test and approval processes to limit the growing interference and ensure unified and compatible systems throughout the globe. Having worked on global RF regulatory approval processes for over five years in Short Range Devices (SRD) namely for Car Access and Passive Entry (CAPE) products, the authors have gained important insights about the peculiar needs of the industry, regulatory bodies and test laboratories.

Evolution in Radio Frequency (RF) semiconductor technology has led to highly power efficient devices. A typical automobile key fob for remote lock-unlock operations operates on 3V lithium coin cell battery having 200 mAh capacity and can last up to 75,000 key press events or two to three years. The typical transmission currents are less than 10 mA while sleep currents are less than 0.1 uA. As the lithium coin cell batteries are not rechargeable, they need to be replaced and safely disposed. Improper disposal of lithium batteries impose risk to the environment as lithium is highly poisonous and reactive. This paper proposes to replace the coin cell battery with a RF energy harvesting circuit involving voltage multiplier circuit consisting of zero bias schottky detector diodes and a hybrid energy storage capacitor. Authors have conducted experiments as well as simulation to evaluate the feasibility of the RF energy harvester replacing conventional coin cell battery.