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Hybrid and Electric Vehicles have a heat deficit due to frequent operation of the engine in high efficiency regions or during pure electric driving where the engine as a heat source is not available. Especially for the conditioning of the cabin, additional heat sources are necessary to ensure comfort & safety. In order to maximize the electric driving range, and improve fuel efficiency, it is important to combine a fast, efficient and safe generation of heat, with a minimum drain from the traction battery. Webasto went about this challenge and developed the new High Voltage Heater (HVH) based on a new and patented heat layer technology. This paper explains the design concept and results of the novel clean sheet research and development approach taken to achieve the project goals.

This paper introduces the new 1.6L engine family, designed and developed by the Chrysler group of DaimlerChrysler Corporation in cooperation with BMW. An overview of the engine's design features is provided, with a detailed review of the performance development process with emphasis on airflow, combustion, thermal management and friction. This information is presented, to provide an understanding of how the engine simultaneously achieves outstanding levels of torque, power, fuel consumption, emissions and idle stability. The use of analytical tools such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in the optimization of the engine is shown.