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Transmission loss (TL) is a common metric for the comparison of the acoustic performance of mufflers. Muffler TL can be computed from a Boundary Element Method (BEM) model. Perforated tube elements are commonly used in automotive muffler applications. These can be modeled with a detailed BEM model that includes each individual hole in the perforated tube. The main drawback with such a straightforward BEM approach is that the discretionary of the perforated surfaces can result in computationally expensive models. The current work uses an approach that is a more computationally-efficient, yet, precise way of modeling complex mufflers that contain perforated surfaces with BEM. In this approach, instead of explicitly modeling the perforations explicitly they are taken into account as equivalent transfer impedances. There are several models in the literature that can be used to develop the transfer impedance model of the perforated surface.

Speech transmissibility is a critical factor in the design of public address systems for passenger cabins in trains, aircraft and coaches. Speech transmissibility is primarily affected by the direct field, early low order reflections, and late reflections (reverberation) of the source. The direct and low order reflections are affected by the relative location of speakers and seats as well as the acoustic properties of the reflecting walls. To properly capture these early reflections, measures of speech transmissibility typically require time domain information. However, another important factor for speech transmissibility is background noise due to broadband exterior sources such as a flow noise sources. The background noise is typically modeled with broadband steady state assumptions such as in statistical energy analysis (SEA). This works presents an efficient method for predicting speech transmissiblity by combining ray tracing with SEA.