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As published, Figures 4, 6, 22, and 26 contained errors and are corrected in the erratum.

The objective of this study is to optimize the injector power drive system for improved fuel injection quantity and timing control. The power drive system was optimized for improved injection repeatability under different operating conditions such as fuel supply pressures. A coupled simulation of injector electromagnetic, pintle (needle) rigid body motion and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was employed to generate the optimal values of the 1st stage current, the 1st stage on-time and the 2nd stage current. The simulation results were validated against the experimental data measured with a photo detector measurement system.

The objective of this study is to measure high-frequency, short-duration, actual liquid fuel spray events using a simple photo detector and validate the results with high-speed camera measurements. This paper presents an optical approach for detecting bulk fuel injection's temporal characteristics, i.e. opening delay and duration times. A key component in the measurement system is a commercially available low-cost photo detector which is shown to be highly effective for detecting high frequency, short duration spray events. The paper provides an in-depth discussion of a photo detector based measurement system, a test fixture, and its validation. Test results with a two-stage pulse-width-modulation (PWM) current controlled approach are provided for various operation parameter settings. Its effectiveness is validated by comparing with the results obtained with a high-speed camera.