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The world is facing serious energy crises due to the proliferation of human population and their craze towards automobiles. People cull their owned vehicles rather than the public transport system. Because of this the need for fossil fuels are drastically increasing and the emissions too. Due to this shoddier situation, many countries are following rigorous emission norms. Numerous researchers focus on the alternative method to generate energy, particularly heat and electrical energy. Electricity is predominant starting from domestic lighting to satellite technologies. Since the electricity plays a very major role in the human’s routine life, which affects in turn of the country’s economy. In any energy conversion process, a significant amount of heat is irreversible, by considering the same, thermoelectric generators are developed to recover the available heat energy into useful electrical energy.

The growth of the industries is the indicators of a growing country and in parallel, surface transport also grows rapidly, which is inevitable. All countries are much worried about the degradation of the quality of life due to pollution from industries and automobiles in particular. Rapid growth in mobility leads to violent exploration and exploitation of petroleum resources. The high demand consequences instability in fuel prices. The higher energy content of vegetable oils is nearly 80% -90% of the diesel fuel and high Cetane number of the vegetable oils are the more suitable for the diesel engine. However, the viscosity is the main problem and it is eradicated by trans -esterification. The use of vegetable oil as fuel helps the agriculturist, and hence dependability of fossil fuel reduced. The biofuels increase employability, rural economy and reduce the rural migration to metro cities further, increasing the GDP of the rural.

In global scenario day-to-day utilization of energy for mobility in sea, land, air and space in all respect it keeps on increasing. The consequence of energy conversion during combustion positively produce required power also gives adverse effect of emission. All the countries are following stringent energy strategies and emission norms. To facilitate the reduction of engine emission, many engine researchers focused on conventional CI and SI engines. Some of them tried with fuel modification and some of them approached engine modification. Researchers crossed the fuel phases, not only liquid state also attempted with the gaseous fuels and fuel cells. In perception of environmental issues like pollution prevention and control, many green and eco-friendly cleaner technologies have been invented.