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The two-wheeler market in India is currently dominated by internal combustion engine (ICE) technology, and this vehicle segment is not subject to fuel consumption standards. In this paper, we first assess the technology used in India’s existing two-wheeler fleet. We then estimate the technology potential for improving the fuel efficiency of ICE two-wheelers and the costs associated with doing so and compare the cost-effectiveness of ICE two-wheelers and electric two-wheelers in reducing overall fleet fuel consumption. Our analysis indicates that the ICE vehicles are cost effective till a 23% fuel consumption reduction in 2025. However, if higher fuel consumption reduction is required by 2025, then electric two-wheelers become cost effective. A fleet average of 25 gCO2/km in 2025 can be expected to result in nearly a third of new two-wheelers sold being electric.

Diesel engines used in non-road vehicles and equipment are a significant source of pollutant emissions that contribute to poor air quality, negative human health impacts, and climate change. Efforts to mitigate the emissions impact of these sources, such as regulatory control programs, have played a key role in air quality management strategies around the world, and have helped to spur the development of advanced engine and emission control technologies. As non-road engine emissions control programs are developed in a growing number of countries around the world, it is instructive to look at the development of programs in two of the regions that have progressed furthest in controlling emissions from non-road engines, the United States (U.S.) and European Union (EU).

Fuel economy (FE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions measured via chassis testing under laboratory conditions were never intended to represent the wide range of real-world driving conditions that are experienced during a vehicle's lifetime. Comprehensive real-world information is needed to better assess US FE label adjustments, determine off-cycle credits for FE standards, and forecast real-world driving behavior, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions. This paper explores a cost effective method to collect in-use fuel consumption data using the on-board diagnostics (OBD) data stream in light-duty vehicles (LDVs). The accuracy of fuel consumption calculated from the OBD data was analyzed in two ways. First, fuel rates calculated from standard OBD Parameter IDs (PIDs) were compared with fuel rate estimates based on enhanced PID (OEM fuel injector fuel rate) data in two different vehicles.

The cost of meeting standards for conventional pollutant emissions is a perennial bone of contention in arguments over vehicle emission regulations. The public health benefits of the most stringent standards have been repeatedly and conclusively demonstrated, and the control technologies are readily available. Nevertheless, countries with the largest vehicle markets worldwide differ greatly in the rates at which they are willing to adopt the most stringent emission standards-and some of those whose populations would benefit most lag furthest behind the best achievable standards. Among the reasons often given for delaying the implementation of stricter standards is the extra cost added to the vehicle by the emission control system. As part of a two series paper, this paper addresses the cost of diesel light-duty emission control technology by regulatory level, from early stages to upcoming levels, and presents a comparison with gasoline emission control technologies.

The cost of meeting standards for conventional pollutant emissions is a perennial bone of contention in arguments over vehicle emission regulations. The public health benefits of the most stringent standards have been repeatedly and conclusively demonstrated, and the control technologies are readily available. Nevertheless, countries with the largest vehicle markets worldwide differ greatly in the rates at which they are willing to adopt the most stringent emission standards-and some of those whose populations would benefit most lag furthest behind. Among the reasons often given for delaying the implementation of stricter standards is the extra cost added to the vehicle by the emission control system. This two-part series paper assesses separately the cost of emission control technologies for gasoline and diesel light duty vehicles. In part one, the paper addresses the cost of gasoline light-duty emission control technology by regulatory level, from early stages to upcoming levels.