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Ammonia has emerged as a promising carbon-free alternative fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE), particularly in large-bore engine applications. However, integrating ammonia into conventional engines presents challenges, prompting the exploration of innovative combustion strategies like dual-fuel combustion. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have emerged as a significant obstacle to the widespread adoption of ammonia in ICE. Various studies suggest that combining exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with adjustments in inlet temperature and diesel injection timing can effectively mitigate nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions across diverse operating conditions in dual-fuel diesel engines.

Ammonia, which is one of the most produced inorganic chemicals worldwide, has gained significant attention in recent years as a carbon-free fuel due to its significant energy density in maritime and power plant applications. This fuel offers several advantages including low production costs and being safe for storage and transport. Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion mode is considered as a promising strategy reducing the level of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions and particulate matters (PM) in internal combustion engines (ICEs) due to the lower combustion temperatures and charge homogeneity. Ammonia-based RCCI combustion strategy can offer a simultaneous reduction of CO2 and NOx. In this study, a RCCI engine fuelled by ammonia and diesel is numerically simulated considering chemical reactions kinetics mechanism of the combustion.

Many efforts have been invested to improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles mainly for the local consumers. One of the main techniques to have better fuel efficiency is cylinder deactivation system. In this paper, the main research area is focus on the investigation of cylinder deactivation (CDA) technology on common engine part load conditions within common Malaysian driving condition. CDA mostly being applied on multi cylinders engines. It has the advantage in improving fuel consumption by reducing pumping losses at part load engine conditions. Here, the application of CDA on 1.6 liter four cylinders gasoline engine is studied. One-dimensional (1-D) engine modeling is performed to investigate the effect of intake and exhaust valve strategy on engine performance with CDA. The 1-D engine model is constructed starts from the air-box cleaner up to exhaust system according to the 1.6 liter actual engine geometries. The model is simulated at various engine speeds with full load condition.