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After they reach their technical on-board end-of-life, plug-in electric vehicles batteries can provide opportunities for second life applications. Plug-in-hybrid and battery-only electric vehicles could provide utility-scale battery storage that could support grid applications, like for example, integration of intermittent renewable energy. For renewables like wind and solar intermittency acts as a major barrier to achieve high penetration scenarios. This paper examines how Li-ion batteries of plug-in electric vehicles reaching approximately 70% of their initial charging capacity can be repurposed and be used to integrate wind power to minimize grid impacts. As the cost can restrict the use of utility-scale use of batteries, repurposed batteries could provide an economical approach to integrate wind energy. We present a model that predicts the capacity of available kWh given the market share projections of plug-in electric vehicles for Canada through 2050.

This article presents an integrated thermal and dynamic model of Electric Vehicles (EV) to assess the effect of implementing a passive heating method on increasing the electric range of a typical light-duty electric vehicle in cold climates. By introducing passive thermal storage using phase change materials (PCM) temperature of the vehicle's compartment is maintained at certain set point for comfort. Thermal model uses the overall heat transfer coefficient from the compartment to the ambient in cold weather and assumes uniform temperature distribution in the compartment. We use real-world driving, parking and estimated probability of charging for more than 10 thousand daily duty cycles recorded in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. We simulate driving a typical light-duty electric vehicle (EV), with 24 kWh of battery storage over 44 million data points of the database in low temperatures ranging from 0°C to -20°C.

Public transit bus fuel consumption is a function of the duty cycle, power demand when driving and idling, and the efficiency of the bus. Accurate evaluation of fuel consumption is best assessed by comparative testing over relevant drive cycles. Generally, in transit service, a bus serves along predetermined route and bus stops. To increase the accuracy of fuel consumption estimation to simulate buses electrification scenarios, a fuel consumption simulation model for transit buses is carried out based on the analysis of a large number of transit bus journeys composed of 82 buses tested along 124 testing routes. The bus fuel consumption simulation is executed using Matlab. The estimation fuel consumptions for representative service routes with different passenger loads and bus model year are obtained. The simulation results on transit bus fuel consumption are compared with values available from testing reports and fuel consumption estimated by Winnipeg Transit.