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As a biomass-based renewable fuel, n-butanol has many superior properties, such as better miscibility in diesel, higher energy content and higher cetane number, which make it an attractive alternative or blending component to diesel fuel compared with its alcohol competitors, methanol and ethanol. Although n-butanol has so many advantages, literature on the effects of its addition on diesel engines are still not sufficient. In this study, the influences of n-butanol addition on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged common-rail diesel engine are investigated under different speed and load conditions. The fuel consumption rate and the gaseous emissions (CO, CO₂, HC, and NOx) are measured. Moreover, an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) is utilized to study the particulate matter (PM) number-size distributions under different conditions.