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This paper examines the possible electric energy collected by the photovoltaic (PV) modules installed on the roof of the bus. The tests were carried out for Mercedes Conecto LF12 buses equipped with CI engine meeting the standards of Euro 5. The research was conducted in the urban contexts/operation. Detailed results of the measurements such as fuel consumption, electric energy consumption, engine speed and vehicle speed are shown. Additional measurements included: the quantity of solar energy coming from the roof of the moving vehicle and electric energy generated from the photovoltaic modules installed. The study was conducted on a city bus taking different routes in the city of Lublin in Eastern Poland. The research bus was supplied with photovoltaic modules and a measurement system.

The article presents results of the 3D-CFD modeling of mixture creation process in the cylinder of diesel engine. The simulation was performed using the AVL Fire software. Based on the geometry of the ADCR engine, produced by Andoria-Mot Company, a 3D-CFD model of combustion chamber, channels in the engine head and CNG injector nozzle were created. This model prevented the simulation of the filling, compression and mixture creation process. Specially prepared CNG injector has been placed in the socket of the glow plug, to minimize interference with the structure of the engine. With this solution full functionality of the original fuel supply system was retained with the ability to work with one or two fuels. During studies the location of the gas injector nozzle was changed. The results of simulation are presented for three variants of CNG injector locations.

The fluctuations in the combustion process of diesel fuel with hydrogen addition in an internal compression ignition engine were investigated. The cyclic combustion pressure was measured and its cyclic oscillations were expressed by indicated mean effective pressure per cycle. The statistical and multifractal analyses applied to the corresponding time series showed considerable changes in the engine dynamics for hydrogen percentages ranging from 5% to 20%. The study for the diesel engine was carried out for 11 various operating points and at the speeds ranging from 1200 to 2000 rpm. Also, exhaust gas components were analyzed. The hydrogen addition was found to affect the differentiation of the indicated mean effective pressure in the engine. A reduction of CO₂ emissions and an increase in NOx emissions were registered.

This paper proposes a fast and simple model of a Compressed Natural Gas indirect injection system to predict the system dynamics with high accuracy for different operating conditions. In a retrofit system the CNG Engine Control Unit (ECU) is able to translate the petrol ECU control strategy in CNG operation. The adaptation of the engine to the natural gas type is handled by using the factory engine control strategy embodied in the factory ECU. The ECU monitors the engine through various sensors and controls its operation using a variety of actuators. Because of many input parameters, the control over the engine becomes quite complex. The use of advanced emission control systems makes such process even more complicated. The new Gas Control Unit is used to reprogram the ECU control parameters to correspond with the use of Natural Gas along with the characteristics of the Natural Gas injectors.

The paper presents the simulation of engine model that was made in AVL Boost Software. The model assumption was the indirect additive supplying hydrogen to the SI engine. The simulation test model of a spark ignition engine, have been developed in the AVL Boost software. The model is based on a real four-cylinder engine, codenamed A14XER that meets the Euro 5 emission standard. This engine is used in passenger vehicles Opel Corsa. In order to most accurate reflection of real engine, the model was developed based on data provided by the engine manufacturer. In the simulation studies two-zone combustion model Vibe (Vibe 2 zone) was used. A General Species Transportation model was also defined, which allowed to use the fuel as a blend of gasoline and hydrogen to supply the engine. Calculations were performed for a full load for different values of rotational speed of the engine crankshaft (from 1000 rpm to 6400 rpm).

Nowadays, there is a permanent need to develop alternative fuel production and combustion technologies. The general objective indicated in Directive 2009/28/EC for biofuels in Poland is application in transport 10% of renewable energy by 2020 and 20% by 2030. In Poland, it can be achieved by adding bio-components to liquid fuels. Flexible fuel vehicles are not as popular in Europe as in Brazil, so further ethanol processing is justified. The researched synthetic gasoline was obtained from bioethanol at the Ekobenz Company Ltd. in Poland. In 2008, Sasol launched its 100% synthetic jet fuel produced by CTL (Coal to Liquids). A variety of engine concepts was tested and evaluated in terms of the key criteria for use as a range extender developed by AVL Company. The Wankel engine has been selected for the vehicle prototype as the most compact and of excellent NVH behaviour. The use of this engine in light helicopters is also considered.