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Plug-in hybrid vehicles have complex energy management and are very influenced by charging behavior. Since current on-road data analysis methodologies do not take into consideration propulsion management, it is difficult to correctly estimate their energy and emissions impacts. This paper presents a methodology (ABCD Method) based only on dynamic data to assess the battery state of charge, identifying, second by second, which propulsion source is working and estimating the correspondent energy consumption, pollutant gas emissions and utility factor. Using a Portable Emission Measurement System, this methodology was developed based on real driving data obtained on four trips in two different PHEV. Excellent correlations were obtained between the estimated and measured SOC (R2>0.98). The ABCD Method uses a generic algorithm to allocate points of different propulsion combinations, correctly identifying the energy source used in over 81.9% of trip points.

Due to the need to properly quantify vehicle emissions in real world operation, Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedures will be used for measuring gaseous emissions on new EURO 6 vehicles.at the RDE 1 & 2: Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/427 of 10 March 2016 amending Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 as regards emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles. Updated regulations have been enhanced to define RDE tests boundaries and data analysis procedures, in order to provide an accurate way to obtain representative results. The boundary conditions defined for vehicle testing include external atmospheric temperature, which can range from 0°C to around 30°C, for moderate conditions and -7°C up to 35°C for extended conditions in RDE tests. As a result of this range of possible test ambient temperature, pollutant emissions and energy consumption can vary considerably.

The gap between regulated emissions from vehicle certification procedures and real-world driving has become increasingly wider, particularly for nitrogen oxides (NOx). Even though stricter emission regulations have been implemented, NOx emissions are dependent on specific, short-duration driving events which are difficult to control, therefore high concentrations of these pollutants are still being measured in European cities. Under certification procedures, vehicle emissions compliance is evaluated through standards, recurring to driving cycles performed on chassis dynamometer under controlled laboratory conditions. Different countries use different standard cycles, with the US basing their certification cycle on FTP-75 and Europe using NEDC (Euro 5/6c)/WLTP (Euro 6d).