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Journal Article

Spray Formation from Spark-Eroded and Laser-Drilled Injectors for DISI Engines with Gasoline and Alcohol Fuels

2014-10-13
2014-01-2745
One of the latest advancements in injector technology is laser drilling of the nozzle holes. In this context, the spray formation and atomisation characteristics of gasoline, ethanol and 1-butanol were investigated for a 7-hole spark eroded (SE) injector and its ‘direct replacement’ Laser-drilled (LD) injector using optical techniques. In the first step of the optical investigation, high-speed spray imaging was performed in a quiescent injection chamber with global illumination using diffused Laser light. The images were statistically analyzed to obtain spray penetration, spray tip velocity and spray ‘cone’ angles. Furthermore, droplet sizing was undertaken using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). A single spray plume was isolated for this analysis and measurements were obtained across the plume at a fixed distance from the nozzle exit.
Technical Paper

Developing Low Gasoline Particulate Emission Engines Through Improved Fuel Delivery

2014-10-13
2014-01-2843
Particulate emissions are of growing concern due to health impacts. Many urban areas around the world currently have particulate matter levels exceeding the World Health Organisation safe limits. Gasoline engines, especially when equipped with direct injection systems, contribute to this pollution. In recognition of this fact European limits on particulate mass and number are being introduced. A number of ways to meet these new stringent limits have been under investigation. The focus of this paper is on particulate emissions reduction through improvements in fuel delivery. This investigation is part of the author's ongoing particulate research and development that includes optical engine spray and combustion visualisation, CFD method development, engine and vehicle testing with the aim to move particulate emission development upstream in the development process.
Technical Paper

Characterisation of Flow Structures in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine Using PIV, LDV and CFD

2011-04-12
2011-01-1290
In-cylinder air flow structures are known to play a major role in mixture preparation and engine operating limits for DISI engines. In this paper PIV was undertaken on in-cylinder flow fields for three different planes of measurement in the intake and compression strokes of a DISI engine for a low-load engine operating condition at 1500 RPM, 0.5 bar inlet plenum pressure (World Wide Mapping Point). One of these planes was vertical, cutting through the centrally located spark plug (tumble plane); the other two planes were horizontal, one close to TDC (10 mm below fire face) and the other one close to mid stroke (50 mm below fire face). Statistical analysis was undertaken on the numbers of cycles needed to determine ensemble average flow-field and turbulent kinetic energy maps with up to 1200 cycles considered. The effect of engine head temperature was also examined by obtaining flow fields using PIV with the engine head coolant held at 20 °C and 80 °C.
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