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Lithium-ion (LI) batteries are rapidly becoming a viable choice for military and civil electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), unmanned systems, and other applications, mainly because they contain higher energy density, provide higher cycle life, offer better resistance to memory effects, and weigh less than other potential technologies. These same benefits have also led to widespread integration of lithium-ion products into the portable electronics markets. However, lithium-ion batteries carry their own disadvantages, including degradation at deep discharge, capacity loss at high temperatures, and susceptibility to catastrophic failure from venting (especially during charging), shorting, etc. that can have dire consequences on the platform. Another concern with EV/HEV applications is that many cells (packaged as battery packs/modules) are needed to provide sufficient power.