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Close range photogrammetry involves the determination of spatial information about objects in photographs within 300 meters of the camera's focal plane. The application of close range photogrammetry to vehicular accident reconstruction has grown exponentially in the past two decades because of its obvious advantage: it offers a cost and time effective, nonintrusive means to document the three-dimensional data pertinent to an accident. Using high resolution digital images in conjunction with control points and constraints from three-dimensional survey data has proven to be an effective way to reconstruct vehicle damage and scene evidence when the physical inspections are not viable. Advances in land surveying technology have introduced High Definition Laser Scanning (HDS) - a process that results in vast data sets of millions of points, referred to as point clouds.

In a controlled environment, bicycle crash tests were performed to analyze the dynamics of bicycle pitch-over, and the effect different test conditions would have on the motion of the bicyclist and the potential for serious head and neck injuries. The tests being evaluated within this paper will focus on a single size rider and bicycle with speed controlled between 19.3 and 22.5 kph (12.0 and 14.0 mph). The variables of the test conditions were the method of pitch-over initiation and configuration of the bicycle. Pitch-over was initiated by applying the front brake, impacting a rigid barrier, and inserting a dowel into the spokes of the front wheel. The bicycle configuration was varied by changing the frame, front fork, front wheel and stem. For all testing performed the event was captured on high speed video. As the testing progressed a force plate was added to measure the vertical loads and an impact plate was added to the barrier impacts to measure the horizontal impact loads.