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Road accident between pedestrian and motor vehicle causes severe injuries and even death of pedestrian. The accident statistics show that the possibility of injury to pedestrian is higher in case of collision with car on busy roads. In car and pedestrian collisions, the pedestrian’s head hits with car bonnet and suffer from multiple injuries such as skull fractures and brain injury. The role of car bonnet structural strength plays an important role in pedestrian head injury level. To provide enough structural strength the high bonnet thickness is provided with under bonnet stiffeners, however thick bonnet and stiffeners reduces deformation of the bonnet during collision and increases injury level to pedestrian. Hence optimum bonnet thickness, least number and geometry of stiffeners and enough structural strength is important for bonnet to reduce injury level.

There are various losses associated with passenger vehicle that affect its fuel economy as it is being operated. These losses include losses at engine, driveline, aerodynamic and rolling losses. While engine, driveline and aerodynamic losses are inherent with the vehicle due to large number of parts that are assembled together, rolling loss is associated with the vehicle tires and it is the only part of the vehicle that comes in contact with the road surface. The rolling resistance of inflated tires is an important component of rolling resistance to vehicle motion and contributes to vehicle fuel consumption. Hence the effect of tire parameters such as inflation pressure, speed and load are the subject of much current interest. Also effect of type of inflation fluid on tire performance is a need of investigation.

Exhaust noise from engines is one of component noise pollution to the environment. Exhaust systems are developed to attenuate noise meeting required db (a) levels and sound quality, emissions based on environment norms. Hence this has become an important area of research and development. Most of the advances in theory of acoustic filters and exhaust mufflers have been developed in last two decades. Mufflers are important part of engine system and commonly used in exhaust system to minimize sound transmissions caused by exhaust gases. Design of mufflers is a complex function that affects noise characteristics, emission and fuel efficiency of engine. Therefore muffler design becomes more and more important for noise reduction. Traditionally, muffler design has been an iterative process by trial and error. However, the theories and science that has undergone development in recent years has given a way for an engineer to cut short number of iteration.