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Miniature size internal combustion (IC) engines with displacements in the neighborhood of 1 cc have the potential to function as high power and energy density miniature power supplies. The engines, which are currently used in model airplanes, have higher power and longer run times than a battery coupled to an electric motor. The Center for Compact and Efficient Fluid Power (CCEFP), a seven university research consortium in the United States, is developing miniature IC engines for applications in human size mobile devices such as robots and medical assistive devices, aiming at more compact design and longer operation time. To advance the development of new compact power supplies, it is necessary to understand the performance characteristics of current miniature engines. As the scale of an engine gets smaller, surface effects such as friction, heat loss, and leakage get more significant [ 1 ].