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NOX emissions are one of the major limiting factors of modern diesel engine technology; they heavily influence, directly or indirectly, both engine and after-treatment design, cost, complexity and reliability; they are also linked in an important trade-off with CO₂ emissions and therefore fuel consumption. It is paramount for OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) to exploit more sophisticated techniques for modeling the formation of NOX to reduce costs and increase their ability to meet the legislative requirements for both CO₂ and NOX. Many existing simulation models predict NOX simply by interpolating steady state engine maps with limited ability to efficiently capture the effects of engine warm up, speed-load transients and air system dynamics. For conventional powertrains running on light cycles this might still be acceptable, but it becomes inadequate when applied to fast and deep transients across unconventional speed and load patterns.