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The ideal attributes of light weight, low cost and high power density have made the 2-stroke engine unrivalled in the scooter and moped market for many years. However, the challenges of meeting new emissions regulations, especially the latest Euro III emission test cycle have reduced the 2-stroke's dominance and it is now often considered to be too dirty and inefficient to have a future. As a result its product placement is on the decline. This paper introduces and discusses the latest application of a low-cost high-frequency injection system (Pulse Count Injection [ 1 , 2 ]) to both the fuel flow and lubrication oil flow of a 2-stroke scooter; allowing both fluids to be individually mapped and optimised for the complete engine operating range. This in turn enables the 2-stroke engine to pass the latest Euro III test whilst improving the fuel economy by a considerable margin, without changing the architecture of the engine.

The application of hybridization technology is now widely regarded as a significant step forward to reduce fuel consumption and hence CO₂ emissions for ground vehicles. Many programs and much research has been done on these technologies in the automotive market, however little work has been done in the very cost sensitive market sector of the small motorcycle. This paper introduces and discusses the application of a low-cost hybrid technology to small motorcycles and scooters, and reviews some of the initial trade-offs through the use of a new hybrid simulation model developed at Cranfield University. The study being presented assessed the existing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) in the market. This list was reduced, omitting options which posed a clear safety or cost risk, or solutions which would disproportionally increased the Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW). Also omitted were storage options which could not be production ready in the near term, 3 - 5 years.