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Fuel economy and performance vary significantly with the vehicle design and configuration, road profile, and payload. The variation is more pronounced for heavy-duty trucks and understanding its origin is critical to maximizing fleet profitability. In this paper we demonstrate a method to continuously estimate fuel consumption breakdown over resistive forces while the vehicle is driven on a public highway. The method is fast, cost-effective, and capable of analyzing trip segments as short as one second. The method utilizes a non-linear Kalman filter and a vehicle dynamical model that has a coupled longitudinal and vertical motion. The paper presents the breakdown of fuel consumption and an estimate of road grade profile obtained by driving a heavy-duty vehicle at the MnROAD research facility in Albertville MN.