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Dual fuel (DF) combustion technology as a feasible approach controlling engine-out emissions facilitates the concept of fuel flexibility in diesel engines. The abundance of natural gas (90-95% methane) and its relatively low-price and the clean-burning characteristic has attracted the interest of engine manufacturers. Moreover, with the low C/H ratio and very low soot producing tendency of methane combined with high engine efficiency makes it a viable primary fuel for diesel engines. However, the fundamental knowledge on in-cylinder combustion phenomena still remains limited and needs to be studied for further advances in the research on DF technology. The objective of this study is to investigate the ignition delay with the effect of, 1) methane equivalence ratio, 2) intake air temperature and 3) pilot ratio on the diesel-methane DF-combustion. Combustion phenomenon was visualized in a single cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine modified for DF operations with an optical access.

Knocking combustion is a major obstacle towards engine downsizing and boosting—popular techniques towards meeting the increasingly stringent emission standards of SI engines. The commercially available gasoline is a mixture of many chemical compounds like paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins and aromatics⁠. Therefore, the modeling of its combustion process is a difficult task. Additionally, the blends of certain compounds exhibit non-linear behavior in comparison to the pure components in terms of knock resistance. These facts require further analysis from the perspective of combustion chemistry. The present work analyses the effects of blending ethanol to FACE-C gasoline. A range of pressures, temperatures, and equivalence ratios has been considered for this purpose. The open source softwares Cantera version 2.4.0 and OpenSMOKE++ Suite have been used for the simulations.