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To downsize a spark ignited (SI) internal combustion engine (ICE), keeping suitable power levels, the application of turbocharging is mandatory. The possibility to couple an electric drive to the turbocharger (electric turbo compound, ETC) can be considered, as demonstrated by a number of studies and the current application in the F1 Championship, since it allows to extend the boost region to the lowest ICE rotational speeds and to reduce the turbo lag. As well, some recovery of the exhaust gas residual energy to produce electrical energy is possible. The present paper shows the first numerical results of a research program under way in collaboration between the Universities of Pisa and Genoa. The study is focused on the evaluation of the benefits resulting from the application of ETC to a twin-cylinder small SI engine (900 cm3).

Lithium battery cells are commonly modeled using an equivalent circuit with large lookup tables for each circuit element, allowing flexibility for the model to closely match measured data. Pulse discharge curves and charge curves are collected experimentally to characterize the battery performance at various operating points. It can be extremely difficult to fit the simulation model to the experimental data using optimization algorithms, due to the number of values in the lookup tables. This challenge is addressed using a layered approach to break the parameter estimation problem into smaller tasks. The size of each estimation task is reduced to a small subset of data and parameter values, so that the optimizer can better focus on a specific problem. The layered approach was successful in fitting an equivalent circuit model to a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cell data set to within a mean of 0.7mV residual error, and max of 9.2mV error at a transient.

The lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cell chemistry is finding wide acceptance for energy storage on-board hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), due to its high intrinsic safety, fast charging, and long cycle life. However, three main challenges need to be addressed for the accurate estimation of their state of charge (SOC) at runtime: Long voltage relaxation time to reach its open circuit voltage (OCV) after a current pulse Time-, temperature- and SOC-dependent hysteresis Very flat OCV-SOC curve for most of the SOC range In view of these problems, traditional SOC estimation techniques such as coulomb counting with error correction using the SOC-OCV correlation curve are not suitable for this chemistry. This work addressed these challenges with a novel combination of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm, a two-RC-block equivalent circuit and the traditional coulomb counting method.

The paper presents an innovative drive-train for a small scooter, taking advantage of an hybrid (mechanical-electrical) structure. The single parts of this drive train have been dimensioned and the resulting system has been introduced in a simulation program. According to the simulation results the hybridisation is able to enhance the maximum power of the scooter by 1 kW (over 30%), without changing the fuel consumption, and to allow a pure-electric operation with a range over 11 km. Moreover, when the propulsion power comes only from the onboard batteries, and they are recharged from the electric mains, the operation cost per km is less than one half the cost of corresponding fuel consumption of a vehicle without hybridisation.