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The objective of this paper is to present the results of the GT Power calibration with engine test results of the air loop system technology down selection described in the SAE Paper No. 2012-01-0831. Two specific boosting systems were identified as the preferred path forward: (1) Super-turbo with two speed Roots type supercharger, (2) Super-turbo with centrifugal mechanical compressor and CVT transmission both downstream a Fixed Geometry Turbine. The initial performance validation of the boosting hardware in the gas stand and the calibration of the GT Power model developed is described. The calibration leverages data coming from the tests on a 2 cylinder 2-stroke 0.73L diesel engine. The initial flow bench results suggested the need for a revision of the turbo matching due to the big gap in performance between predicted maps and real data. This activity was performed using Honeywell turbocharger solutions spacing from fixed geometry waste gate to variable nozzle turbo (VNT).

This paper introduces a research work on the air loop system for a downsized two-stroke two-cylinder diesel engine conducted in framework of the European project dealing with the POWERtrain for Future Light-duty vehicles - POWERFUL. The main objective was to determine requirements on the air management including the engine intake and exhaust system, boosting devices and the EGR system and to select the best possible technical solution. With respect to the power target of 45 kW and scavenging demands of the two-cylinder two-stroke engine with a displacement of 0.73 l, a two-stage boosting architecture was required. Further, to allow engine scavenging at any operation, supercharger had to be integrated in the air loop. Various air loop system layouts and concepts were assessed based on the 1-D steady state simulation at full and part load with respect to the fuel consumption.

The objective of this paper is to complete a thorough investigation of the pressure wave supercharger (PWS) to explore the potential of this technology in engine applications. The PWS is a non-steady flow device that uses shock waves to pressurize fluids by transferring energy from a high-pressure flow to a low-pressure flow without separation by physical walls. The paper introduces a 1-D model of PWS in GT-SUITE calibrated by experiments on steady flow test rig. The 1-D model respects both exhaust and fresh air in each of the cells, friction and heat transfer in the cells as well as the continual opening and closing of the cells. Moreover, the cell wall temperature is computed and the leakage flow between the cells and housings modeled. The limits of PWS operation regarding pressures, temperatures and mass flows are first mapped on the virtual test rig utilizing the calibrated 1-D code based on the Mazda Comprex device.

The presented work deals with an accurate method for the EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) rate determination, which is suitable for the real combustion engines equipped with the uncooled EGR system. A Thermal Balance method (further T.B.) has been proposed for this purpose. It uses differences between EGR (hot gas) and fresh charging air temperatures as a base for the EGR mass fraction determination. This method has been developed and tested on a real engine in authors' laboratory and verified using the well known CO2 method. As it is known that this method is inherently not accurate, the paper deals with a possibility how to improve the method. Measured differences between results from both methods T.B. and CO2 are within 8% in the measured operating range.

The paper describes techniques used for optimization of timing, shaping and control of pressure wave exchangers including the prediction of pressure-flow rate characteristics of these devices. BBC Baden and ETH Zürich originally proposed them in 60's using the direct pressure exchange between exhaust gas and fresh air in a narrow channel (the COMPREX® device). A technique allowing COMPREX® pressure exchanger to be simulated in detail in a commercially available 1-D cycle simulation tool has been developed. Before the design of a specific exchanger is started the layout must be carefully optimized concerning distribution gear for both fresh air and exhaust gas. Simulation facilities provided by advanced 1-D codes like GT-Power from Gamma Technologies create a valuable tool to do this task and to find alternative design solutions.