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Direct gasoline injection combined with turbo charging and down sizing is a cost effective concept to meet future requirements for emission reduction as well as increased efficiency for passenger cars. It is well known that turbulence induced by in-cylinder air motion can influence efficiency. In this study, the intake-generated flow field was varied for a direct injected turbo charged concept, with the intent to evaluate if further increase in tumble potentially could lead to higher efficiency compared to the baseline. A single cylinder head with flow separating walls in the intake ports and different restriction plates was used to allow different levels of tumble to be experimentally evaluated in a single cylinder engine. The different levels of tumble were quantified by flow rig experiments.

The necessity to limit the boost pressure in turbocharged gasoline engines results in higher exhaust pressure than inlet pressure at engine speeds when the wastegate is opened. This imbalance has a negative influence on the exhaust scavenging of the engine and results in high levels of residual gas and consequently the engine is more prone to knock. This paper presents a study of a gas-exchange system for turbocharged SI engines. The concept aims at improving the performance and emissions of a turbocharged SI engine by dividing the exhaust flow from the two exhaust valves into two different exhaust manifolds, one connected to the turbocharger and one connected to a close coupled catalyst. By separating the valve opening period of the two valves and keeping the duration of both valve opening events shorter than 180 crank angle degrees, the disturbance of the exhaust blowdown pressure pulse during valve overlap in a four cylinder engine can be completely eliminated.

The objective of this paper is to present a simulation model for controlling combustion phasing in order to avoid knock in turbocharged SI engines. An empirically based knock model was integrated in a one-dimensional simulation tool. The empirical knock model was optimized and validated against engine tests for a variety of speeds and λ. This model can be used to optimize control strategies as well as design of new engine concepts. The model is able to predict knock onset with an accuracy of a few crank angle degrees. The phasing of the combustion provides information about optimal engine operating conditions.

Heat transfer to the walls of the combustion chamber is increased by engine knock. In this study the influence of knock onset and knock intensity on the heat flux is investigated by examining over 10 000 individual engine cycles with a varying degree of knock. The heat transfer to the walls was estimated by measuring the combustion chamber wall temperature in an SI engine under knocking conditions. The influence of the air-fuel ratio and the orientation of the oscillating cylinder pressure-relative to the combustion chamber wall-were also investigated. It was found that knock intensities above 0.2 Mpa influenced the heat flux. At knock intensities above 0.6 Mpa, the peak heat flux was 2.5 times higher than for a non-knocking cycle. The direction of the oscillations did not affect the heat transfer.

SI Engine knock is caused by autoignition in the unburnt part of the mixture (end-gas) ahead of the propagating flame. Autoignition of the end-gas occurs when the temperature and pressure exceeds a critical limit when comparatively slow reactions-releasing moderate amounts of heat-transform into ignition and rapid heat release. In this paper the difference in the heat released in the end-gas-by low temperature chemistry-between lean, rich, stochiometric, and stoichiometric mixtures diluted with cooled EGR was examined by measuring the temperature in the end-gas with Dual Broadband Rotational CARS. The measured temperature history was compared with an isentropic temperature calculated from the cylinder pressure trace. The experimentally obtained values for knock onset were compared with results from a two-zone thermodynamic model including detailed chemistry modeling of the end-gas reactions.

In this investigation the influence on knock from the residual gas in the cylinder is investigated. Gas was sampled from inside the cylinder prior to ignition, the Residual Gas Fraction, RGF, was determined and the Knock Intensity, KI, was measured. By altering the exhaust backpressure the RGF was changed. By measuring the knock intensity for different RGF the influence on knock from residual gas was investigated. It is shown that with increased residual gas fraction the knock propensity of the engine is increased, and subsequently, decreased RGF gives lower knock intensity. This is showed by the fact that, with maintained knock intensity at 30 kPa, the ignition timing can be advanced as much as 5 Crank Angle Degrees, CAD, if the RGF is reduced with 15%.

It is generally accepted that knocking combustion influences the heat transfer in SI engines. However, the effects of heat transfer on the onset of knock is still not clear due to lack of experimental data of the thermal boundary layer close to the combustion chamber wall. This paper presents measurements of the temperature in the thermal boundary layer under knocking and non-knocking conditions. The temperature was measured using dual-broadband rotational Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). Simultaneous time-resolved measurements of the cylinder pressure, at three different locations, and the heat flux to the wall were carried out. Optical access to the region near the combustion chamber wall was achieved by using a horseshoe-shaped combustion chamber with windows installed in the rectangular part of the chamber. This arrangement made CARS temperature measurements close to the wall possible and results are presented in the range 0.1-5 mm from the wall.

The objective of the research presented in this paper, is to examine the potential to suppress knock and to reduce the exhaust gas temperature by using either lean mixtures or mixtures diluted with cooled EGR, at high load conditions, in a turbo charged spark ignited engine. Engine tests were carried out with lean mixtures, rich mixtures and mixtures diluted by cooled EGR at various degrees of dilution and at various inlet temperatures. The effects on the combustion process was evaluated at constant brake mean effective pressure for various levels of dilution at two different engine speeds. Full load performance was compared with the standard fuel enriched case. Both lean homogeneous operation and cooled EGR are possible replacements of fuel enrichment. Cooled EGR allows the use of a three-way catalytic converter at all operating conditions, resulting in substantially lower tailpipe emissions of CO and HC compared to rich operation.