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A 500 hours endurance test was performed with a heavy-duty engine (Euro IV); MAN type D 0836 LFL 51 equipped with a PM-Kat®. As fuel 100% biodiesel was used that met the European specification EN 14214. The 500 hours endurance test included both the European stationary and transient cycle (ESC and ETC) as well as longer stationary phases. During the test, regulated emissions (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and particulate matter), the particle number distribution and the aldehydes emission were continuously measured. For comparison, tests with fossil diesel fuel were performed before and after the endurance test. During the endurance test, the engine was failure-free for 500 hours with the biogenic fuel. There were almost no differences in specific fuel consumption during the test, but the average exhaust gas temperature increased by about 15°C over the time. Emissions changed only slightly during the test.

Different fuels, in detail: three blends from methyl esters of rapeseed oil, soy bean oil, and palm oil; neat rapeseed oil methyl ester; a gas-to-liquid fuel (GTL); and two new diesel fuel qualities from Aral and Shell (Ultimate and V-Power, respectively) were compared to reference diesel fuel (DF) with focus on emissions. Therefore, the regulated emissions carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) and the non regulated particle size distribution were determined. Additionally to the emissions the mutagenic potency of conventional reference diesel fuel, biodiesel, Shell V-Power Diesel, and Aral Ultimate Diesel was tested. With the exception of CO, GTL always led to better results of regulated emissions than conventional diesel fuel (DF). Except for NOx, biodiesel emitted less regulated compounds than GTL and all diesel fuels. Biodiesel showed the lowest mutagenicity.

The more stringent regulations for diesel engine emissions lead to the requirement that both fuels and engines must be developed jointly. In the future, so-called designer fuels will help to achieve the stringent limits. In our research, conventional diesel fuel, biodiesel, Swedish low sulfur diesel fuel MK1 and a specially designed diesel fuel were compared using a DaimlerChrysler diesel engine, running the modes of the ECE 49 test cycle. The results for regulated and non-regulated gaseous emissions, particulate matter size distributions as well as mutagenic effects of particle extracts are reported.