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Electric vehicles are gaining popularity as an alternative to conventional gasoline-powered vehicles since they provide a cleaner and more environmentally friendly form of mobility. The market of electric vehicles is expanding, and the availability of dependable and effective sustainable charging infrastructure is needed to satisfy this expansion. This has prompted researchers to look for innovative alternative charging systems that can offer effective charging while reducing emissions such as fuel cells. In this study, the viability and sustainability of employing fuel cells as electric vehicle charging stations in Egypt, as an example of the MENA region, were studied from the technical and economic point of views. The technical analysis used a simulation for the whole fuel cell system, which was provided by MathWorks MATLAB Simulink software.

A novel solution to anti wear-additives is to add relatively small amounts of effective Nano Additives to the main content of lubricants. Such supplement would offer an enhancement to their tribological and thermal properties as wear resistance and friction surface temperature. In this work, different types of Nano additives are used to investigate their effect on the tribological properties of a certain lubricant (TOTAL FLUIDE AT42). Three main Nano additive materials were used with two different concentration for each; Gamma aluminum oxide (Alumina Al2O3), Copper Oxide (CuO) and one-dimensional carbon Nano tubes (CNT). A pin on disc equipment fitted out with circulated lubricant system was operated for 140 hours with normal lubricant, and for 140 hours for each case of the three Nano additives, with a total working time of 980 hours. Weight loss of the pin, friction surface temperature and friction force were measured every 20 working hours.

In the present study, the enhancement of an engine performance and emission characteristics by the addition of nanoparticles to the fuel is presented. In this regard, Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Nanoparticles were utilized as fuel additive in a single cylinder, direct injection four stroke diesel engine. Two percentages of 0.1 and 0.5% by weight of Al2O3 were tested and compared to regular diesel fuel. The results showed that nano-sized aluminum oxide can improve the performance of diesel engines and reduce the emission of pollutants like CO2 and HC compared to conventional diesel fuel. Furthermore, the results indicated that the nanofuel with nanoparticle concentration of 0.5 % gives better performance characteristics in comparison with that of 0.1 %. However, the only downside of the nanoparticle addition was the relative increase in CO emissions at low loads.

Anti-wear additives are mostly required to improve lubricant properties and hence tribological performance. Addition of nanoparticles to lubricant oils reduces friction and thus enhances the lubrication characteristics. The mechanism of friction reduction in friction could be justified by more than one method. In this work, copper oxide nano-material was added to the engine lubricant oil Mobil 1 SAE15W-40SF with 0.1% wt. concentration. Two new engines were used and operated for 1000 hours, where nanolubricant was added to one of them and regular lubricant was used in the other. Twelve samples were taken periodically from each engine. ASTM-D6595 spectrometry standard was used in order to measure the wear particles in the taken oil samples. Further investigation was done by doing more tests to some of the oil samples using Laser Net Fines Analyzer. Results showed an improvement in the friction properties through a reduction in wear rates in the case of using nano-additives.

As the world is going through an evolutionary development in most of the science fields, there is an essential and exceptional demand for higher efficiency power generators to recover the thermal losses. Recently thermoelectric materials have attracted extensive attention for this purpose. The recent advancement in nanotechnology has a remarkable impact on thermoelectric materials development. This resulted in nano structured materials whose thermoelectric properties exhibit a great challenge to its bulk form, such as Silicon nanowires (SiNWs). Silicon nanowires are promising thermoelectric materials as they offer large reductions in thermal conductivity over bulk Si without significant decrease in the electrical conductivity. In the present work silicon nanowires have been implemented in fabricating a thermoelectric device which can be employed in different applications, such as engines, to recover part of the energy lost in these applications.

The effect of magnetic field has attracted many researchers to investigate the impact of this type of force on different applications such as combustion and water. Different systems supported by many patents were introduced to the market to treat these applications. In the present study, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the impact of magnetic fuel treatment on engine performance. The magnetic field was produced from two different sources based on permanent and electromagnetic coils. Two engines with different configurations were used. Three fuels were tested, gasoline and diesel as liquid fuels and natural gas as a gaseous fuel. Vast numbers of experiments at different operating conditions were conducted on the two engines. Fuel consumption, output power, and exhaust emissions were analyzed under the exposure of magnetic field. Gasoline was the most affected fuel while other fuels showed less or negligible effect.

There are many known problems in water cooling systems in the industrial applications such as corrosion, scale, fouling, microbiological growth, etc. Not only the same problems are expected in the cooling system of internal combustion engines but also the water leakage from cylinder liners or cylinder head to the combustion chamber has to be considered especialy if the liner pitting is the reason. In the present paper the effect of magnetic field on the engine cooling water and engine material is investigated. To compare the effectiveness of the magnetic field, the experiments were conducted at different magnetic intensities. Two different mechanisms to apply magnetic effect were compared to other treatment methods which are used commercially in the market such as anti freeze and anticorrosion fluids and systems. The magnetic devices showed an effective impact on reducing cavitation or liner pitting because of lowering surface tension of water.

Ion current sensors have been considered for the feedback electronic control of gasoline and diesel engines and for onboard vehicles powered by both engines, while operating on their conventional cycles or on the HCCI mode. The characteristics of the ion current signal depend on the progression of the combustion process and the properties of the combustion products in each engine. There are large differences in the properties of the combustible mixture, ignition process and combustion in both engines, when they operate on their conventional cycles. In SI engines, the charge is homogeneous with an equivalence ratio close to unity, ignition is initiated by an electric spark and combustion is through a flame propagating from the spark plug into the rest of the charge.

A fuel tank is a part of an engine system in which the fuel is stored and propelled (fuel pump) into the engine. Fuel tanks range in size and design according to the car model. Fuel may contain water or impurities which affect the tank material and/or piping system (corrosion, clogging, wear of seizure of precision parts) and in some cases the burning process. There are many different methods and materials used to wash and clean engine fuel tanks. Unfortunately these methods depend on removing the tank from the car in a process takes not less than three hours from a professional person. This paper introduces a new simple method to clean the fuel tank while it is in place without taking the tank out of the car. The idea depends on timed steps to inject different safe washing fluids using a specially designed nozzle and remove them after washing in a total period of time of 15 minutes.

Water piston internal combustion engine is a very simple propulsive engine invented in the 1970's to be used in different applications. The water piston engine consists simply of L shape tube immersed in water where the water column inside the tube acts as a piston. In the present study, two propulsive units from this engine were compared. The two units are identical in their dimensions except the exit port where one is curved and the other one is sharp. The effect of this shape on the engine thrust, fuel consumption, power and number of effective firing was investigated. The effect of combustion chamber size on engine performance is also considered for the two units in this study.

The increasing interest and requirement for improved electronic engine control during the last few decades, has led to the implementation of several different sensor technologies. The process of utilizing the spark plug as a combustion probe to monitor the different combustion related parameters such as knock, misfire, Ignition timing, and air-fuel ratio have been the subject of research for some time now. The air-fuel ratio is one of the most important engine operating parameters that has an impact on the combustion process, engine-out emissions, fuel economy, indicated mean effective pressure and exhaust gas composition and temperature. Furthermore, air-fuel ratio affects the ion produced during flame kernel initiation and post flame propagation. In this paper, an investigation is made to determine the effect of air-fuel ratio on ion current, using gasoline and methane under different spark plug designs and engine operating conditions.

Most of the previous research on flame ionization in spark ignition engines applied positive polarity on the spark plug center electrode, referred to as positively biased probe. In this paper an investigation is made to determine the characteristics of the ion current signal with negatively biased probe. The factors that contribute to the second ion current peak, reported to be missing with negative polarity, are investigated. Experiments were conducted on a research single-cylinder, spark ignition engine and the negative polarity is applied by a SmartFire Plasma Ignition system. The effect of different spark plug designs and engine operating parameters on the amplitude and timing of each of the two ion current peaks is determined. The results indicated that, with negative polarity, the cathode area is one of the main factors that contribute to the amplitude of the ion current signal, particularly the second peak.