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The efforts of the ISO “Test Variability Task Force” have been aimed at improving the understanding and at reducing brake dynamometer test variability during performance testing. In addition, dynamometer test results have been compared and correlated to vehicle testing. Even though there is already a vast amount of anecdotal evidence confirming the fact that different procedures generate different friction coefficients on the same brake corner, the availability of supporting data to the industry has been elusive up to this point. To overcome this issue, this paper focuses on assessing friction levels, friction coefficient sensitivity, and repeatability under ECE, GB, ISO, JASO, and SAE laboratory friction evaluation tests.

The ISO TC22/SWG2 - Brake Lining Committee established a task force to determine and analyze root causes for variability during dynamometer brake performance testing. SAE paper 2010-01-1697 “Brake Dynamometer Test Variability - Analysis of Root Causes” [1] presents the findings from the phases 1 and 2 of the “Test Variability Project.” The task force was created to address the issue of test variability and to establish possible ways to improve test-to-test and lab-to-lab correlation. This paper presents the findings from phase 3 of this effort-description of factors influencing test variability based on DOE study. This phase concentrated on both qualitative and quantitative description of the factors influencing friction coefficient measurements during dynamometer testing.

Modern project management including brake testing includes the exchange of reliable results from different sources and different locations. The ISO TC22/SWG2-Brake Lining Committee established a task force led by Ford Motor Co. to determine and analyze root causes for variability during dynamometer brake performance testing. The overall goal was to provide guidelines on how to reduce variability and how to improve correlation between dynamometer and vehicle test results. This collaborative accuracy study used the ISO 26867 Friction behavior assessment for automotive brake systems. Future efforts of the ISO task force will address NVH and vehicle-level tests. This paper corresponds to the first two phases of the project regarding performance brake dynamometer testing and presents results, findings and conclusions regarding repeatability (within-lab) and reproducibility (between-labs) from different laboratories and different brake dynamometers.

Predominant brake noise evaluation and rating was developed many years ago and no longer fulfills the need of modern development work. An extended description of a noisy brake event (European expert group guideline EKB 3006) and a standardized test data exchange format, allowing the comparison of different source test results (EKB 3008) are presented. Today's noise rating systems are described and compared by selected examples. The paper proposes an open 4 level noise rating system (EKB 3007). It starts with simple occurrence statistics, noise rating based on sound levels, situational noise rating including duration and finally based on the human perception, described by psychoacoustics.

Efficient development and testing of brake systems requires further substitution of expensive and time consuming vehicle testing by appropriate dynamometer testing. Some of the current simulation methods do not reflect the needs of engineering and the progress made in the development of test equipment. The lack of suitable procedures may cause unexpected delays in the realization of projects. Road load simulations for lifetime prediction on brake dynamometers have a long history, however never got a real break-through in Europe - possibly because the prediction quality and efficiency did not satisfy. This paper concentrates first on the analysis of the vehicle data recorded in Mojacar (Spain) which is a sign-off test for wear and noise for brands of Ford Motor Company for European market. Specific attention is given to different types of driving resistances and road profiles and to consideration of different methods for numerical description and comparison of road load data.

The boundary layer dynamics of brake systems is characterized by the growth and destruction of hard and friction intensive patterns on the brake pad. These mesoscopic “patches” essentially determine the brake's global friction- and wear behavior. That paper shows, how, based on this theory, global phenomena can be simulated with an innovative dynamic friction law within different timescales. Subsequently a Cellular Automaton model is extended by the definition of additional inner variables describing a three-dimensional surface topography of brake pads. This model is applied to a longtime-simulation of the profile changing and a simulation regarding varying external loads. These results are compared to microscope-measurements of pads after different loading procedures which have a significant impact to the height profile.

The paper offers an investigation of whether the knowledge of the laws materials will follow and of the parameters for the materials can be obtained from integral testing, i.e. the testing of complete brake pads. Dynamic tests were designed for the purpose, with attention to both the axial and the radial / tangential directions of stress as mechanical properties of brake pads. The tests were run and evaluated on brake pads with a variety of patterns and constructions. The term used throughout this paper to describe these features is the matrix. It was shown that brake pads clearly demonstrate visco-elastic behaviour which is most definitely non-linear, and whose characteristic values for stiffness, damping and internal friction will alter in ratio to the load.

Brake noise dynamometers are fundamental engineering tools for the systematic and efficient investigations of noise. However, the data obtained from a dynamometer must correlate with the noise achievable on a corresponding vehicle to be of true value in an investigation. The factors that can influence correlation between both vehicle and dynamometer tests are examined. In particular, correlation based on the following: techniques for noise data acquisition, evaluation and testing variations of the brake system under load and time such as aging and wear effects differences in the test procedure brake application parameters variability of individual brake system components in terms of technical release and part-to-part variation. Problems and approaches for correlating dynamometer and vehicle brake test results are described. Test results for the correlation dynamometer - vehicle are also shown.

Efficiency and economy of today friction material test work was critically reviewed: Dyno and vehicle on the one hand and performance, wear and noise testing on the other hand predominantly are kept separate. Test technology, test procedures and test results are shown, demonstrating that dyno - vehicle and performance - noise testing both can be integrated, giving brake testing higher efficiency and meaning, respectively allowing better access to the understanding of NVH phenomena. A respective concept was accomplished - practical results are presented.